Lecture
PDF:- Threat-Based Approach
- What does negative Prejudice mean?
- Negative feelings toward all sorts of social groups based on ethnicity, immigration status, gender or sexual minority, etc
- What are the recurrent adaptive problems of social life?
- Functional evolutionary approach
- Left-over effect
- Stereotyping and prejudice may be psychological mechanisms designed to help humans address these recurrent adaptive challenges (disease, health, physical danger, safety, reciprocity)
- Error management
- Smoke Detector Principle
- Motivated to see people as threatening even if they are not
- Threat as perceived threat rather than actual threat
Overly sensitive > Under sensitive: assume harmless is dangerous OR Assume dangerous as harmless
- Behavioural immune system
- Avoid contact with people who may be sick; overly inclusive
- Emotional evoked for threatening to health is predominately disgust
- Sensitive to cues of illness
- Functional evolutionary approach
- Call back to Affordance management
- People perceive groups to pose different threats and positive opportunities
- Stereotypes of specific threats (belief)
-->specific prejudice (emotions) - Fear, disgust, anger tend to be common emotion, leads to different behaviour
- Physical danger
-->fear-->violence, aggression - Disease, value difference
-->disgust--> - Goal obstruction
-->anger-->
- Physical danger
- Implications
- Who are more likely to contain prejudice?
- People who feel vulnerable to a specific threat will be more prejudiced toward groups seen to pose that threat
- When are people likely to contain prejudice
- Situations that make particular threats salient will result in prejudice toward groups stereotyped as threatening
- Threat to reciprocity
- Groups stereotyped as unwilling or unable to contribute their “fair share” to the larger group
- Within group threat perceiving
- What threats does Group A perceive Group B to pose?
- Predicts specific prejudices (fear, anger, disgust)
- Predicts specific behaviours (policy support, forms of discrimination)
- What threats does Group A perceive Group B to pose?
- Who are more likely to contain prejudice?
- What does negative Prejudice mean?
- Social Dominance Theory (SDT)
- What are some main ideas about SDT
-
“Group base hierarchies is the base for stereotype problems, its inevitable; but on an individual level, one could choose to ascribe to this measure”
- All human societies tend to be structured as systems of group-based hierarchies (dominant groups and subordinate groups)
- Dominant group has disproportionate share of all material and symbolic things for which people strive
- In a group-based hierarchy: people are afforded power, prestige, etc. by virtue of group membership
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- What are 3 types of hierarchy
- Age system
- Gender system
- Arbitrary set system
- Any relevant group distinction that the human imagination is capable of constructing
- SDT: systems of arbitrary set hierarchy will emerge whenever there is economic surplus
- Reasons for inevitability
- Unequal distribution of resources
-->group-based inequality - Group-based inequality
-->justification of inequality to maintain dominance - People at the top will use legitimizing myths to justify their dominance
- These myths will spread to subordinate groups, not just an ingroup/outgroup dynamic
- Unequal distribution of resources
- What predicts higher SDO?
- Being in a dominant group
- Socialization processes (e.g., exposure to legitimizing myths)
- Temperamental predispositions (e.g., greater empathy = lower SDO)
- Gender: men higher on SDO on average
- Higher position in society (justifies dominance)
- Greater competition for resources
- Occupations that enforce hierarchies
- What are some main ideas about SDT
Active Studying
Summarize today’s lecture
- [::Most important/focused topic]
- [::Most difficult part, why, how to resolve]
What part I didn’t understand, next step actions?
- Black sheep effect
- Threat to reciprocity with western prejudice to ward socialism countries (China)