Lecture

322 Quiz 1

PDF:
- 322 - S3.pdf
Social categorization and Social Identity
- What is social categorization and the most apparent features for categorization?
  - Social categorization: tendency to categorize automatically with minimal info
  - Social identity: born out of social categorization
  - Human detect race, sex, and age within milliseconds
  - What are some similarities between them
- What are some importance of categorization?
  - ★ Precursor to Stereotype and Prejudice
- Perspective 1 on social bias: Realistic Conflict Theory?
  - Conflit = Categorization + Competition
  - Intergroup conflict emerges when groups have actual conflicts of interest
  - What are the 3 stages of Robbers Cave Study?
    1. Bonding (forming norms)
    2. Competition (friction)
    3. Reducing friction (mere contact + common, superordinate goals)
      - Mere Exposure Effect is not effective in this case
  - What is an example of resources in Realistic Conflict Theory
    - Focused on physical/tengable resources
    - Also applies for perceptual (intengable) resources (power)
  - Is there exist a temporal precedence with prejudice and conflict?
    1. Us vs. Them
    2. Idea that resource is limited, and competition is required
  - Can intergroup Bias emerge in the absence of competition?
    - Competition is not necessary, but its a 助燃剂
    - No competition still can arise dehumanization, out-group derogation
      - Out-group derogation can be benevolent, with reinforcing stereotypes
      - Hostile thoughts can be protective toward in-group competition/conflict
      - Benevolent thoughts can be protective with group dominance
    - Feelings of fear are an evolved skill to protect oneself, but contribute to biases
    - Minimal group paradigm: bias can arise simply with existence of groups
  - What is the different in allocating resources between groups
    - People tend to prefer in-group favouritism > derogate the out-group
    - People prefer to (maximize the difference) between in-group and out-group rewards than (maximizing joint profit or maximizing in-group profit)
- Perspective 2 on social bias: Social Identity Theory?
  - Conflit = Identification + Catorization
  - What is the origin of in-group favouritism?
    - Identification as a group member, and strong motivation to keep positivity for group
  - Social identity: being part of a group is an important self concept
    - People strive to maintain positive, distinctive social identity
    - This can look like engaging in social comparisons
    - People show in-group favouritism , even when group memberships are arbitrary
    - Implication: Conflict is not required to create group identification and intergroup bias
- What is Optimal Distinctiveness Theory and its main ideas
  - One choose which group to identity with based on how they satisfy both need to assimilate and differentiate
  - individualist cultures’s need to differentiate can be more important than need to belong
  - collectivistic cultures’s need to differentiate can be less important than need to belong
  - What are some important contextual importance
    - Different context would lead to different preference on assimilate or differentiate or even different social identity
    - Idea of fashion can also be a example of balancing between assimilate and differentiate
    - Different context can be different identities more salient, thus “awaking” sense of identity
    - Level of consciousness ≠ Exposure (selective exposure) due to fear of stigma
- What is group homogeneity
  - Group homogeneity: idea of people in targeted group are all the same
  - Stereotyping the average group member and perceiving more similarity in out-group members (“they” are all the same)
  - Out-group homogeneity especially likely when groups are unfamiliar and abstract (i.e., an ethnic or religious group one has never interacted with before)
  - In-group homogeneity is likely in those who especially identify with the in-group
- What is cross-race bias.
  - Result of out-group homogeneity in conceptual level
  - People are better at telling apart individuals of their own group than people in other groups
  - Cross-race bias (also called otherrace, or own-race bias): the tendency to more accurately recognize same race faces than other race faces
  - Importance
    - Miss-identification in legal level
  - Explanation
    - Perceptual expertise : people may be more likely to encounter people of their own race, more experience identifying and differentiating features and telling people apart
    - Social cognitive effects : outgroup targets are processed categorically while ingroup targets are individuated
Stereotype
- Where do they come from?
  - ★ Illusory correlation (false correlation)
```
```text
        Negative behaviour by minority --> False attribution --> False perception
  ```
```
    - Stereotypes sometimes arise from faulty workings of human memory
    - Ones-shot: even with a lifetime of experience, people can encode just a single instance of behaviour as common or as rare
    - People spontaneously consider group membership as a potential cause of a rare behaviour when the behaviour is committed by a member of a rare group
    - Members of minority groups are at risk of generating one-shot illusory correlations whenever they engage in behaviour that lies outside of the mainstream
  - Social role theory
```
```text
        Social role characteristics --> False Attribute --> False perception
  ```
```
    - One notice which groups disproportionately occupy certain roles in a society
    - One then infer that the attributes required of the role must be typical attributes of the group
  - Justifications of prejudice
```
```text
        Knowledge (feelings + behaviour) --> Justification --> False cognition (attitude)
  ```
```
    - What are the primary functions of stereotypes
      - Knowledge: represent and streamline info about groups
      - Justification: rationalize observed or experienced group differences
        
        Rationalize discrimination
        
        Protect group-based inequalities
    - Could prejudice alone be enough to produce stereotypes?
```
  ```ad-example
        > Study looked at whether “created” prejudice would lead to the creation of stereotypes
        - Method
            - Two groups with no existing stereotypes: Moldova & Slovenia 
            - “Created” prejudice with affective priming 
            - Tested stereotypes along warmth and competence dimensions
        - Results
            - When a country was paired with the negative-affect face, its inhabitants were stereotyped lower in warmth compared to the inhabitants of positive-affect paired country
            - This pattern was not observed for the competence stereotypes
  ```
```

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