Also referred to the Psychoanalysis theory
Sigmund Freud
- In 1887 opened a private practice to focus on nervous disorders (hysteria) with Josef Breuer
- Hysteria: a board diagnoses typically given to women exhibiting a wide variety of symptoms ^d89518
- Symptoms included anything that act dis-normal
- Used to be thought as connected to the reproductive system of women
- Freud argued that Hysteria can be diagnoses to both man and women.
- He argue that the cause is due to childhood experiences and repressed traumatic memories ★ ^b298ed
- Most of the childhood trauma argued by Freud is sexual abuse
- His argument is based on the case studies
- Most famous one is
Anno O(Bertha Pappenheim) with Josef Breuer- Had a variety of symptoms (hallucinations…)
- First using hypnosis, not working
- She coined the term “talking theory” (helpful for her to recover)
- Believes that mind and brain are separate, the mind is the psychological result of what the brain can do
- Created the Theory of Psychoanalysis
Transclude of block psychoanalysis
Assumptions of the Psychoanalytic Approach
- Psychic determinism: Everything happens in mind has a specific cause (psychic causality)
- Internal Structure: The 3 parts of the brain (ID, EGO, SUPEREGO)
- Psychic conflict: The conflict between the 3 structures of the brain (SUPEREGO vs ID, EGO mediate)
- Mental energy: One have a finite amount of energy that needed control
Interpretation of Dreams
- Objects in dreams are symbols (may be more personal than universal)
- Many of the symbols he argued has a sexual meaning
- Dreams has 2 contents
- Manifest content: what the person remembers
- Latent content: tiled to the symbols of the manifest content
- Other arguments about dreams (by recent research)
- Dream contains emotions that one cannot process consciously
Psychosexual Theory
NOT relevant anymore
- Freud’s developmental stages Psychosexual Stage Model
- Issues
- Children are born with sex drive (at infancy)
- Children at the “Phallic” stage are attracted to opposite sex parent
- Controversy around “Penis Envy”
- Useful thoughts
- The stages helped Eric Erikson to develop his developmental stages
- The fixation theory is can be connected to the Attachment Theory’s anxiety attachments
Categories of instincts
- Pleasure principle (ID) vs. Reality principle (EGO)
- EGO is always trying to find realistic ways to satisfy ID without consequences
- Libido - life or sexual instinct (ID)
- Human seeks instinct gratification (sex pleasure, eating pleasure…)
- Thanatos - Death or aggressive instinct
- People (in WWI) tend to have a desire to relive their sufferings
- The reason for people to display Aggression is due to their death drive
Structure of the mind
- Theory: Topographic Model
- Unconscious, preconscious, conscious
- Theory: Structural Model
- ID - actions based on the pleasure principle and wish fulfillment
- EGO - satisfies ID impulses, but takes into consideration the realities of the world
- SUPEREGO - represents society’s values and standards
Defense Mechanism
Ego and Defenses Your reflections: PSY230 Reflection
- Repression: active effort by the EGO to push threatening material out of consciousness
- Sublimation: channelling threatening unconscious impulses into socially acceptable actions (healthy)
- Displacement: channelling impulses to nonthreatening objects Frustration–aggression hypothesis
- Denial: refusal to accept that certain fact exist (consciously known)
- Reaction formation: acting in a manner opposite to threatening unconscious desires
- Intellectualization: removal of emotional content from the thought, helps bring difficult thoughts into consciousness without anxiety
- Focus deep into dealing with the problem, block emotion
- Projection: attributing unconscious impulse to other people
Carl Jung
Archetypes
Images in the Collective Unconscious that prepare people to respond to the world
- Ex. family (mother, father), story (wise old men, witch, hero)
- Archetypes are “…Not an idea, but a collective mode of functioning” (pattern of behavior/instincts)
- Connected to Cultural Psychology, where all of the archetypes are available when one is born, but chose which one to act on depends on the culture
Conceptualize the Self
Keeps EGO, no ID or SUPEREGO Jung’s Theory of the self
- Jung’s EGO: field of consciousness, command centre of self, connects inner and outer worlds ^5316a8
- Similar to Eric Erikson
- Jung’s unconscious:
- Personal unconscious: unconscious material of the individual
- Collective unconscious: unconscious material common to all human beings
- Anima: feminine side of the male; OR Animus: masculine side of the female
- One projects their anima and animus when finding opposite sex
- Persona: the part of oneself that gets presented to the world
- Shadow: negative side of personality (also projects to other people)
- Need to bring to conscious awareness to resolve them
Personality Theory
Jung’s Theory of personality
- Attitudes (first one to coin introvert vs extrovert)
- Introvert: inward turning
- Extrovert: outward turning
- Basic functions of consciousness
- Sensation: perception by means of physical sense organs (observations)
- Intuition: perception by way of the unconscious (instincts)
- Thinking: process of cognitive thought (rationality)
- Feeling: function of subjective judgement or valuation (emotion)
The Myers-Briggs Personality Test
Developed by Katharine Cook Brigs and her daughter Isabel Briggs Myers
Inspired by Jung’s theory of personality Added Judging-Perceiving: how one implement the information they have processed
16 Personalities Extroversion Introversion Sensing Intuition Thinking Feeling Judging Perceiving
- Heavily critiqued for the lack of proper research to determine validity and reliability
- Poor test-retest reliability
- Poor predictive validity
- No sound measure for detecting social response biases
- Connection to Big-Five Model
- I/E => low/high in Extroversion
- S/N => low/high on Openness
- T/F => low/high on Agreeableness
- P/J => low/high on Conscientiousness
- Turbulent/Assertive => low/high on Neuroticism
Viktor Frankl
Existentialism
- Willing to meaning: thought work, love, and suffering
- Existential vacuum: manifest in a state of boredom.
- Boredom creating more problems than distress
- Boredom makes people strive for Sigmund Freud’s pleasure principle
- Lack a sense of meaning for day to day lives
- Related to Søren Kierkegaard’s argument that mankind is doomed between boredom and distressed
- Frankl argues that boredom is the major issue that people is dealing with right now (no meaning)
- Logo therapy: striving to find meaning in life is the most powering motivation force
Power of Free Will
- Did not agree with Freud’s deterministic believe
- Thinks that one needs to believe that they are in control, and changes can be made
Erik Erikson
- Emphasized the important role of the EGO
Theory of Development
Erikson’s Theory of development
Age Success/Crisis Connection Infancy Trust vs. Mistrust Attachment Theory Toddler Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt Sigmund Freud’s annal stage Early Childhood Initiatives vs. Guilt Elementary School Age Industry vs. Inferiority Adolescence Identity vs. Role Confusion Young Adulthood Intimacy vs. Isolation Adulthood Generatively vs. Stagnation Old Age EGO Integrity vs. Despair
- Developed a theory of development over the entire lifespan
- People encounter crisis at various points in their lives
- Lack of primary research, but reliable
Karen Horney
Neurotic People
- Coined the term “Neurotic”
- Neurotic: people who are trapped on a self-defeating interpersonal style
- Argues that its developed due to childhood experiences
- Avoid anxiety provoking experiences
- Moving toward people (interdependent on other people) Anxious Attachment
- Moving against people (manipulate, control other people)
- Moving away from people (autonomy) Avoidant Attachment
Feminine Psychology
- Introduced the concept of womb envy (in response to penis envy)
- Men are jealous that women can create life, so they put their creativity in work to fulfill this envy
- Both men and women had desirable traits, none is better than others
- Drew attention to sociocultural factors in explaining gender differences
- Argues that cultural is very important an determining how men and women see themselves
- Social rolls of gender differences
Dreams
-
Theory: Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis
- Dream do not mean anything
- Random activation/impulses in the brain, memories, emotions that comes up without meaning
-
Theory: Information Processing Theories
- Dreams help us transfer what we experienced into the day into our memory
- Helps people to organize experiences thought he day
-
Theory: Throat Simulation Theory
- Dreams provided an evolutionary advantage as they allow us to simulate threats and enhance mechanisms for threat perception and avoidance
- Helps people to deal with awkward moments
- Experience unprepared events to help avoid it happening in the real world
Research Evidence on Dream
- “Vivid and emotional intense dreams are linked to part of the amygdala and hippocampus”
- Suggest that dream does deal with emotions and memories
- “REM sleep influences our ability to understand complex emotions in daily life”
- Dream may play some role in helping recognizing positive emotions and deal with negative ones
- “People are more likely to remember their dreams if woken directly after REM sleep. Brain activity related to memory retrieval when awake is comparable to the brain activity in those that remembered their dream”
- Dreaming may use the same neurotic pathways with memory retrieval