Lecture §
PDF:Summary- Specific Phobia
- Symptoms: What are the 3 common symptoms of phobic?
- Persistent avoidance; Excessive; Interfere life
- Types: What are the 5 types of common phobia
- Etiology: What are the 2 models and 2 explanations of phobia?
Associative Model
- Learned phobia
- Little Albert Study
- Equipotentiality premise: assumes that all neutral stimuli have an equal potential for becoming phobias.
Non-Associative Model
- Disgust sensitivity: the degree to which people are susceptible to being disgusted by a variety of stimuli such as certain bugs, types of food, and small animals
- Caused by the Sympathetic Division activation
- Social Anxiety Disorder
- Symptoms What are the key symptoms of SAD
- Afraid of social or performance situations
- High comorbidity (ex. depression, substance use)
- Individuals with social anxiety are generally well aware of the fact that their fears are excessive and unreasonable.
- Etiology:
- Genetic: What is the genetic percentage and the 3 biological component?
- Environmental Factors: What is the major social factor influencing SAD?
- Being victimized (bullying, teasing) during childhood
- Cognitive Factors: What are the 3 cognitive misinterpretation in SAD?
- Self-focused attention – highly self-critical
- Public self-consciousness
- Dishonest self-disclosure - Less authentic manner in interactions with others
- Generalized Anxiety Disorder
- Prevalence
- 9% of population
- Female
> Male
- Symptoms
- Eiology What is the 2 roles of cognition in GAD
- Verbal aspects of worry dampen uncomfortable anxious arousal
- Anxious images elicit arousal, whereas verbal thoughts decrease arousal
- Worrying:
Verbal Thought > Imagery
- Relax:
Imagery > Verbal Thought
- GAD:
Imagery = Verbal Thought
- Intolerance of uncertainty (IU): discomfort with ambiguity and uncertainty
- Individuals with GAD tend to have lower thresholds for these uncertainties
- Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder
- Symptoms: What re the 3 major components of OCD
- To what extend can OCD be clinical?
- The obsessions or compulsions are time consuming (ex. take more than 1 hour per day) or cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning
- What 2 fusion thinking process will worsen the symptoms?
- Thought-action fusion (TAF): two types of irrational thinking
- The belief that having a particular thought increases the probability that the thought will come true
- Ex. thinking about harming another person is as bad as doing it
- The belief that having a particular thought is the moral equivalent of a particular action
- Ex. that a family member will die in a car crash
- Etiology:
- Neurobiological
- Cognitive Model
- Obsessions are caused by the person’s reaction to their own intrusive thoughts
- Catastrophic misinterpretations of these thoughts
- Unhelpful efforts to control the intrusions (ex. thought suppression)
- What do Memory do in OCD?
- OCD patients have l confidence in their memory
- Repeated checking lowers memory confidence, intensifies doubts and sustains repeated checking
- PTSD
- Treatment For anxiety-related disorders
- Exposure Techniques
- Systematic desensitization
- Developing a fear hierarchy
- Extinction
- In vivo exposure
- Worry imagery exposure (GAD)
- Flooding or intense exposure
- Interoceptive exposure (Panic Disorder)
- Exposure with ritual prevention (OCD)
- Problem Solving
- Relaxation Training
- Decrease anxious arousal
- Mental relaxation and physical relaxation
- Techniques such as positive imagery, meditation, breathing exercices
- Mindfulness-based strategies
- Let go of your judgments
- Focus on the here and now
- Cognitive Perspective
- Focus on the unhelpful beliefs that people develop after a trauma and the ways in which these perpetuate chronic arousal and hypervigilance
- Cognitive Behavioural Therapy: Cognitive Restructuring
- Change a person’s erroneous and unhelpful thinking
- Monitor and examine their thoughts – develop more balanced appraisals