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PSY260: - L15

Sep 12, 2022, 4 min read

Textbook

  1. Surfing is an example of a(n) () skill because surfers have to adapt to variations in the qualities of each wave.1
  2. Updating a website is an example of a(n) () skill because it requires using computer programming knowledge to solve a problem.2
  3. Skiing is an example of a(n) () skill because it requires coordinating movements based on sensory information.3
  4. Historically, researchers have questioned whether it is possible for animals other than humans to learn () skills.4
  5. According to the (), performance during learning improves rapidly at first, and then slows down.5
  6. People improve at the serial reaction time task without realizing that some sequences are being repeatedly presented or that their performance is improving, which suggests that their learning is ().6
  7. If a baby is able to eat Grape Nuts using a spoon but shows no ability to eat them using a spork, then this may be a case of ().7
  8. A teenager who is learning to make macaroni and cheese for the first time is likely to be in the () stage of skill acquisition.8
  9. Getting drunk will impair processing in your (), which will make it harder to perform skills such as walking in a straight line.9
  10. Cramming the night before an exam is an example of ().10
  11. Practicing the piano once a week for several months is an example of ().11
  12. Practicing a single dance routine that is synchronized to a specific piece of music is an example of () practice.12
  13. Practicing catching a baseball thrown at various heights, speeds, and distances is an example of () practice.13
  14. The fact that professional athletes generally are not exceptional at all sports can be viewed as a case of ().14
  15. Thorndike proposed the () to explain why skills transfer best when they are used in situations that are highly similar to the one in which they were originally learned.15
  16. Being able to type a text message without looking at the phone is an example of the () stage of skill acquisition.16
  17. Neurons in the () change their firing patterns as rats learn to perform a perceptual-motor skill.17
  18. In (), extensive practicing of an instrument leads to loss of motor control.18
  19. An age-related disorder involving a reduction in the number of dopaminergic neurons that affect basal ganglia activity is ().19

Lecture

  • Kinds of Skill Memories
    • Compare and contrast Explicit Memory and Skilled Memory
      • | Skill memories | Memories for events and facts | | ------------------------------------------------------ | -------------------------------------------------- | | Are difficult to convey except by direct demonstration | Can be communicated flexibly, in different formats | | May be acquired without awareness | Have content that is consciously accessible | | Require several repetitions | Can be acquired in a single exposure, improves with repetition |
    • What is a skill & a Skilled Memory?
      • Skill: An ability to perform a task that has been honed through learning
      • Skilled memory: It improves with practice, and can be long-lasting
    • What are the 2 kinds of skill memories?
  • Practice
    • Define the 4 key characteristics of good Practice
      1. Effective practice needs quality feedback on performance (self-testing)
      2. Feedback should not be too frequent
      3. Practice should be spaced out (space repetition)
      4. Practice should consist of a mix of skills (varied practice) rather than focus on one single skill (constant practice)
    • How could the Power Law of Learning explain why expertise is so rare?
      • Because few would be willing to spent huge amount of time for small improvements
      • Overcome: Feedback of the right kind, given at the right moment(s) can boost performance again
    • What are the two types of Learning
      • Explicit Learning
      • Implicit Learning
        • Serial reaction time task: An experimental task that requires individuals to press keys in specific sequences on the basis of cues provided by a computer; used to study implicit learning.

Footnotes

  1. open ↩

  2. cognitive ↩

  3. perceptive-motor ↩

  4. cognitive ↩

  5. power law of learning/practice ↩

  6. implicit ↩

  7. transfer specificity ↩

  8. cognitive ↩

  9. cerebellum ↩

  10. massed practice ↩

  11. spaced practice ↩

  12. constant ↩

  13. variable ↩

  14. transfer specificity ↩

  15. identical elements theory ↩

  16. autonomous ↩

  17. basal ganglia, cerebellum, motor cortex ↩

  18. Musician’s dystonia ↩

  19. Parkinson’s disease ↩

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