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PSY322: - L2

Jan 11, 2023, 3 min read

Lecture

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  • Psychology methods
    • What are the 6 stages of Scientific Method?
    • Why use the scientific method
      1. Intuition & common sense can be faulty
      2. Biased interpretation of evidence
        • Naive realism: people think they perceive the world as “objective”
      3. Human are not aware of their own bias
        • Bias blindspot
  • Basic definitions
    • What is the difference between stereotype, prejudice, and discrimination?
      • Stereotype: cognition about a group
      • Prejudice: attitude/emotion
        • What you think how other group sees you is important too
      • Discrimination: actions/in-action toward group
    • What are the directions of stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination
      • Positive or negative
        • Positive: valued in society
        • Negative: devalued in society
    • What is the difference between interpersonal/formal Discrimination
      • Interpersonal (indirect); formal(direct) 
        Hiring (Hebl et al, 2002)
> Goal: look at formal vs. interpsonal discrimination

- Method
    - Participants wear different hat that indicated whether in-group or out-group
    - All other varaibles (interations, cloth, speach are controled)
    - Independent variable (questions):
        - Do you have any job openings (*formal*)
        - Could I fill out an application (*formal*)
        - What sorts of things could I be doing if I worked here (*interpersonal*)
        - Would you mind if I used your bathroom (*formal*)
    - Dependent variable (manager reactions)
        - Audio recordings (have independent people rate the their reactions)
- Measurement
    - Formal discrimination
        - Job availability
        - Permission to complete application
        - Job callback
        - Permission to use the bathroom
    - Interpersonal discrimination
        - Interaction length
        - Word count
        - Perceived negativity
        - Coded negativity by independent raters
- Result
    - **No significant difference** in formal disctrimination, but significant **differences in _interpersonal_ discrimination**.
    • What is Social categorization
  • History of Prejudice and stigma research
    • How to study prejudice and stigma reflect in history (Duckitt, 1922)
      • Up to 1920s
        • “Race theory”: white domination, prejudice is not studied in academic
      • 1920s to 1930s
        • ”Irrational prejudice”: mental differences between race
          • Movement: challenging legitimacy of white colonial rule
      • 1930s and 1940s
        • Psychodynamic: prejudice emerge from unconscious defense mechanisms
          • Defense mechanism: projection, scapegoating, displacement (Jewish are scapegoat of economic problems in Germany)
      • 1950s
        • “Individual differences”: psychopathic tendency
          • Focus on authoritarian personality (Nazi selected people with authoritarian personality)
            • It is hardly conceivable Nazi act were done by normal men
      • 1960s
        • “Social norms”: prejudice are learnt, due to norms and lack of contact (integration solves the problem)
      • 1970s
        • ”Conflict between interest”: desegregation --> interracial conflict (contact is not enough)
      • 1980s
        • ”Social categorization”: prejudice is an outcome of natural processes that help us make sense of the world
        • Symbolic racism: instead of overt bigotry, racism is now more subtle and complex
    • What is stigmatization
      • Stigma: Some attribute or characteristic, that conveys a social identity or perceived group membership that is devalued in a particular social context
      • an attribute that extensively discredits an individual, reducing him or her from a whole and usual person to a tainted, discounted on
        • Engulfs, reduced, and devalued a person into a single attribute
    • What are the 3 types of stigma
      1. Group stigmas: based on group membership
      2. Physical stigmas: based on disability
      3. Psychological stigmas: based on personal failure OR character flaw
    • Differentiate stigma vs. prejudice
      • Stigma research: focuses on the target perspective
      • Prejudice research: focuses on the perceiver perspective
    • Differentiate Social categorization with social identity
      • Why does categorization matter

Active Studying

Summarize today’s lecture

  • [::Most important/focused topic]
  • [::Most difficult part, why, how to resolve]

What part I didn’t understand, next step actions?

  • Are Discrimination inevitable?
  • Bias: tendency (thoughts, feelings, behaviours) to prefer one thing or another

In-group out-group competition between 2 groups, nothings productive happens

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